3 TYPES of AUXILIARY VERBS — BE Verbs (One-Page Notes)Printable / Copyable · British English · Core rules common mistakes1️⃣ Three Types of Auxiliary VerbsTypeFormsMain FunctionBE verbsam, is, are, was, were, be, been, beingContinuous tenses, passive voiceHAVE verbshave, has, had, havingPerfect tensesDO verbsdo, does, didQuestions, negatives, emphasis2️⃣ BE Verbs in Detail2.1 Forms and Pronunciation (British English)FormStrongWeakam/æm//əm/is/ɪz//z/ or /s/are/ɑː//ə/was/wɒz//wəz/were/wɜː//wə/be/biː//bi/been/biːn//bɪn/being/ˈbiːɪŋ/—2.2 Use 1: Continuous TensesContinuous tenses describe an action that is in progress or happening around a particular time.TenseStructureExamplePresent continuousam/is/are V-ingIam teachingEnglish now.Past continuouswas/were V-ingIwas studyingat 7 pm yesterday.Future continuouswill be V-ingIwill be studyingat 10 am tomorrow.Present perfect continuoushave/has been V-ingHehas been workingall day.Past perfect continuoushad been V-ingIhad been waitingfor an hour.Note:Continuous tenses emphasise the action in progress, not the result.Some verbs are rarely used in continuous tenses:know, like, want, believe, belong.2.3 Use 2: Passive VoicePassive voice shows that the subject receives the action.Basic structure: Subject be past participle (V3)Examples:The letterwas writtenby Tom.Englishis spokenall over the world.Passive voice in different tenses:TenseStructureExamplePresent simpleam/is/are V3The roomis cleanedevery day.Past simplewas/were V3The bridgewas builtin 1990.Present perfecthave/has been V3The letterhas been sent.Past perfecthad been V3The workhad been finishedbefore 8.Futurewill be V3The workwill be finishedtomorrow.Modal verbscan/must/should be V3Itmust be donetoday.Present continuousam/is/are being V3The roadis being repaired.Past continuouswas/were being V3The housewas being painted.Note:Only transitive verbs can be passive.The doer is introduced byby.Bycan be omitted if the doer is unknown or unimportant.2.4 BE as a Linking Verb (Main Verb)BE can also be a main verb meaning “to be” or “to exist”. It is followed by a noun or adjective.Sheisa teacher.Iamhappy.Theyaretired.Difference:BE as auxiliaryBE as linking verbFollowed by V-ing or V3Followed by noun/adjectiveSheis reading.Sheiskind.The letterwas written.The letterwaslong.2.5 Negatives and QuestionsTypeStructureExampleNegativebe notIam nottired.Questionbe subject …?Areyou tired?Negative questionbe not subject …?Isn’tshe coming?Note:BE verbs form questions and negatives withoutdo/does/did.2.6 Common MistakesWrongCorrectReasonI studying.Iamstudying.Continuous tense needsbe.The letter written.The letterwaswritten.Passive voice needsbe.He are happy.Heishappy.Subject-verb agreement.Do you are tired?Areyou tired?BE verbs do not usedo.She is teach.Sheis teaching.Continuous tense uses V-ing.The room is clean every day.The roomis cleanedevery day.Passive voice uses V3.2.7 Pronunciation and Linking (British English)Weak forms:am → /əm/is → /z/ or /s/are → /ə/was → /wəz/were → /wə/Linking:I am → /aɪm/She is → /ʃiːz/We are → /wiə/They were → /ðeɪ wə/3️⃣ One-Page SummaryItemContentBE formsam, is, are, was, were, be, been, beingContinuous tensesam/is/are V-ing; was/were V-ing; will be V-ingPassive voicebe V3; tense changes inbeAs linking verbbe noun/adjectiveNegatives / Questionsbe not; be subjectCommon mistakesMissingbe, subject-verb disagreement, mixing withdoPronunciation focusWeak forms /ə/, /z/, /wə/; linking I am → /aɪm/Printable · Copyable · Best kept on your deskTeacher’s Script: BE Verbs as Auxiliary VerbsTime:About 8–10 minutesLevel:Beginner to ElementaryTopic:BE verbs — continuous tenses and passive voice1. Greeting and Warm-up (1 minute)Teacher:Good morning, everyone. Today we are going to talk aboutauxiliary verbs.There are three main types:BE verbs,HAVE verbs, andDO verbs.Last time we looked at DO and HAVE. Today we focus onBE verbs.BE verbsare:am, is, are, was, were, be, been, being.They have two main jobs: they help formcontinuous tensesand thepassive voice.Let’s start with the forms.(Write on the board.)am /æm/ — is /ɪz/ — are /ɑː/ — was /wɒz/ — were /wɜː/ — be /biː/ — been /biːn/ — being /ˈbiːɪŋ/Repeat after me:am, is, are, was, were, be, been, being.(Students repeat.)2. Use 1: Continuous Tenses (2 minutes)Teacher:Now, the first main use of BE is to formcontinuous tenses.Continuous tenses describe an action that isin progressor happening around a particular time.Look at these examples.(Write on the board.)Present continuous:am/is/are V-ing→ Iam teachingEnglish now.Past continuous:was/were V-ing→ Iwas studyingat 7 pm yesterday.Future continuous:will be V-ing→ Iwill be studyingat 10 am tomorrow.We also have perfect continuous tenses, but those usehave beenorhad been:Hehas been workingall day.Ihad been waitingfor an hour.Teacher:So remember: continuous tenses always need a form ofBEplusV-ing.For example, you cannot say “I studying.” You must say “Iamstudying.”Now, one small note: some verbs are rarely used in continuous tenses, likeknow, like, want, believe, belong.For example, we say “Iknowthe answer,” not “I am knowing the answer.”3. Use 2: Passive Voice (2 minutes)Teacher:The second main use of BE is thepassive voice.In passive voice, the subjectreceivesthe action. It does not do the action.The basic structure is:Subject be past participle (V3)Examples:The letterwas writtenby Tom.Englishis spokenall over the world.Let’s look at passive voice in different tenses.(Write on the board.)TenseStructureExamplePresent simpleam/is/are V3The roomis cleanedevery day.Past simplewas/were V3The bridgewas builtin 1990.Present perfecthave/has been V3The letterhas been sent.Futurewill be V3The workwill be finishedtomorrow.Modalcan/must/should be V3Itmust be donetoday.Present continuousam/is/are being V3The roadis being repaired.Teacher:Two important points.First, only transitive verbs can be passive — verbs that take an object.Second, the doer is introduced byby. But if we don’t know who did it, or it’s not important, we can leave outby.For example: “My phonewas stolen.” We don’t know who stole it, so noby.4. BE as a Linking Verb (1 minute)Teacher:But BE can also be amain verb— a linking verb.It means “to be” or “to exist,” and it is followed by a noun or adjective.Sheisa teacher.Iamhappy.Theyaretired.Compare these two sentences:BE as auxiliaryBE as linking verbSheis reading.Sheiskind.The letterwas written.The letterwaslong.In the first column, BE helps another verb. In the second column, BE is the main verb.5. Negatives and Questions (1 minute)Teacher:How do we make negatives and questions with BE?It’s easy — BE works alone. We don’t use do/does/did.Negative:I am not tired.Question:Are you tired?Negative question:Isn’t she coming?So remember: BE verbs make their own questions and negatives.6. Common Mistakes (1.5 minutes)Teacher:Let’s correct some common mistakes. Please repeat the correct sentence after me.I studying. → Iamstudying.The letter written. → The letterwaswritten.He are happy. → Heishappy.Do you are tired? →Areyou tired?She is teach. → Sheis teaching.The room is clean every day. → The roomis cleanedevery day.(Students repeat each corrected sentence.)Teacher:Remember: continuous tenses need BE V-ing.Passive voice needs BE V3.And BE never uses do/does/did.7. Pronunciation and Linking (1 minute)Teacher:Let’s practise pronunciation.In fast speech, BE verbs are often weak.(Write on the board.)WordStrongWeakam/æm//əm/is/ɪz//z/ or /s/are/ɑː//ə/was/wɒz//wəz/were/wɜː//wə/And we link them to the next word.I am → /aɪm/She is → /ʃiːz/We are → /wiə/They were → /ðeɪ wə/Repeat after me:I am ready. She is working. We are learning. They were waiting.(Students repeat.)8. Summary and Homework (30 seconds)Teacher:Let’s summarise.BE verbsare am, is, are, was, were, be, been, being.They are used forcontinuous tenses(BE V-ing) andpassive voice(BE V3).BE can also be alinking verb(BE noun/adjective).BE makes its own questions and negatives — no do/does/did.Your homework:Write five sentences using BE verbs.Use at least one continuous tense, one passive voice, one negative, and one question.That’s all for today. Thank you, everyone. See you next class!End of Teacher’s Script 3 TYPES of AUXILIARY VERBS — 笔记整理与补充助动词三大类BE / HAVE / DO本页重点整理BE verbs并补充进行时、被动语态、常见错误、发音连读。1️⃣ 助动词三大类型类型形式主要功能BE verbsam, is, are, was, were, be, been, being进行时、被动语态HAVE verbshave, has, had, having完成时DO verbsdo, does, did疑问、否定、强调2️⃣ BE verbs 详解2.1 形式与发音英音形式强读弱读am/æm//əm/is/ɪz//z/ 或 /s/are/ɑː//ə/was/wɒz//wəz/were/wɜː//wə/be/biː//bi/been/biːn//bɪn/being/ˈbiːɪŋ/—2.2 用法一进行时 Continuous Tenses进行时表示动作正在进行。时态结构例子现在进行时am/is/are V-ingIam teachingEnglish now.过去进行时was/were V-ingIwas studyingat 7 pm yesterday.将来进行时will be V-ingIwill be studyingat 10 am tomorrow.现在完成进行时have/has been V-ingHehas been workingall day.过去完成进行时had been V-ingIhad been waitingfor an hour.补充进行时强调“正在进行”不强调结果。有些动词一般不用进行时know, like, want, believe, belong 等。2.3 用法二被动语态 Passive Voice被动语态表示主语是动作的承受者。基本结构Subject be past participle (V3)例子The letterwas writtenby Tom.Englishis spokenall over the world.各时态的被动语态时态结构例子一般现在时am/is/are V3The roomis cleanedevery day.一般过去时was/were V3The bridgewas builtin 1990.现在完成时have/has been V3The letterhas been sent.过去完成时had been V3The workhad been finishedbefore 8.将来时will be V3The workwill be finishedtomorrow.情态动词can/must/should be V3Itmust be donetoday.现在进行时am/is/are being V3The roadis being repaired.过去进行时was/were being V3The housewas being painted.注意只有及物动词才有被动语态。被动语态中动作执行者用by引出。不强调执行者时可省略 by。2.4 补充BE 作为系动词主系表BE 也可以作主要动词表示“是”后面接名词或形容词。Sheisa teacher.Iamhappy.Theyaretired.区别BE 作助动词BE 作系动词后面跟 V-ing 或 V3后面跟名词/形容词Sheis reading.Sheiskind.The letterwas written.The letterwaslong.2.5 否定与疑问类型结构例子否定be notIam nottired.疑问be 主语 …?Areyou tired?否定疑问be not 主语 …?Isn’tshe coming?注意BE 动词自己构成疑问和否定不用 do/does/did。2.6 常见错误错误正确原因I studying.Iamstudying.进行时不能漏掉 beThe letter written.The letterwaswritten.被动语态不能漏掉 beHe are happy.Heishappy.主谓一致Do you are tired?Areyou tired?be 动词不用 doShe is teach.Sheis teaching.进行时用 V-ingThe room is clean every day.The roomis cleanedevery day.被动用 V32.7 发音与连读英音弱读am → /əm/is → /z/ 或 /s/are → /ə/was → /wəz/were → /wə/连读I am → /aɪ əm/ 或 /aɪm/She is → /ʃiː ɪz/ 或 /ʃiːz/We are → /wiː ɑː/ 或 /wiə/They were → /ðeɪ wɜː/ 或 /ðeɪ wə/3️⃣ 一页 A4 总结项目内容BE 形式am, is, are, was, were, be, been, being进行时am/is/are V-ingwas/were V-ingwill be V-ing被动语态be V3各时态变化在 be 上作系动词be 名词/形容词否定疑问be notbe 主语常见错误漏 be、主谓不一致、与 do 混用发音重点弱读 /ə/, /z/, /wə/连读 I am → /aɪm/可打印 · 可抄写 · 建议贴在书桌前