雅思练习总结六十九本文章是雅思练习总结六十九总结了文章《Second nature》内容包括原文精翻文章脉络总结单词扩展学习3个部分文章目录雅思练习总结六十九[toc]1 文章原文及翻译1.1 Section A性格是否真的无法改变1.2 A 部分续培养品质需要多种技能1.3 Section B内向学者如何练出外向行为1.4 Section C逆境中的行动乐观者的典型反应1.5 Section D用行为训练而非积极思考提升乐观1.6 Section E自由潜水者的热情与心理极限1.7 Section F热情需要纪律也要容忍无知1.8 Section G转向另类疗愈研究在失败中找乐趣1.9 G 部分续过度求稳会妨碍达成目标1.10 Section H勇气来自道德义务而非无所畏惧1.11 结语段长期的性格塑造与短期的内在冒险2 文章结构分析2.1 段意复盘每段承担什么任务2.2 段落功能与整体推进2.3 文章结构图把段内与段间关系连起来3 重难点词汇总结3.1 精选词条按原文首次出现顺序1 文章原文及翻译Second nature翻译第二天性Your personality isn’t necessarily set in stone. With a little experimentation,people can reshape their temperaments and inject passion, optimism, joy andcourage into their lives翻译你的性格未必一成不变。只要稍作尝试人们就能重塑自己的性情为生活注入热情、乐观、快乐与勇气1.1 Section A性格是否真的无法改变A Psychologists have long held that a person’s character cannot undergo a transformation in any meaningful way and that the key traits of personality are determined at a very young age. However, researchers have begun looking more closely at ways we can change. Positive psychologists have identified 24 qualities we admire, such as loyalty and kindness, and are studying them to find out why they come so naturally to some people. What they’re discovering is that many of these qualities amount to habitual behaviour that determines the way we respond to the world. The good news is that all this can be learned.翻译心理学家长期以来认为一个人的性格无法发生任何有意义的转变人格的关键特质在很小的年纪就已确定。然而研究人员已开始更仔细地研究我们能够改变的途径。积极心理学家归纳出24种我们赞赏的品质例如忠诚和善良并正在研究这些品质为何在有些人身上表现得如此自然。他们发现其中许多品质实际上都是习惯性行为而这些习惯性行为决定了我们回应世界的方式。好消息是这一切都可以习得。1.2 A 部分续培养品质需要多种技能Some qualities are less challenging to develop than others, optimism being one of them. However, developing qualities requires mastering a range of skills which are diverse and sometimes surprising. For example, to bring more joy and passion into your life, you must be open to experiencing negative emotions. Cultivating such qualities will help you realise your full potential.翻译有些品质培养起来没有另一些那么困难乐观就是其中之一。不过培养品质需要掌握一系列技能这些技能多种多样有时甚至出人意料。例如若想让生活中多一些快乐与热情你必须愿意去体验负面情绪。培养这些品质有助于你充分发挥自己的潜能。1.3 Section B内向学者如何练出外向行为B The evidence is good that most personality traits can be altered/ says Christopher Peterson, professor of psychology at the University of Michigan, who cites himself as an example. Inherently introverted, he realised early on that as an academic, his reticence would prove disastrous in the lecture hall. So he learned to be more outgoing and to entertain his classes. ‘Now my extroverted behaviour is spontaneous,’ he says.翻译密歇根大学心理学教授克里斯托弗·彼得森说“有充分证据表明多数人格特质都可以改变。”他以自己为例。他天性内向很早便意识到作为一名学者沉默寡言在讲台上会带来灾难性后果。于是他学着变得更外向并学会让自己的课堂变得有趣。他说“现在我的外向行为已经是自然而然的了。”1.4 Section C逆境中的行动乐观者的典型反应C David Fajgenbaum had to make a similar transition. He was preparing for university, when he had an accident that put an end to his sports career. On campus, he quickly found that beyond ordinary counselling, the university had no services for students who were undergoing physical rehabilitation and suffering from depression like him. He therefore launched a support group to help others in similar situations. He took action despite his own pain - a typical response of an optimist.翻译戴维·法伊根鲍姆也不得不经历类似的转变。他当时正在准备上大学却遭遇了一场事故终结了他的运动生涯。进入校园后他很快发现除了常规心理咨询之外学校并没有为像他这样正在接受身体康复训练、同时遭受抑郁困扰的学生提供任何服务。因此他发起了一个互助小组帮助处境相似的人。尽管自身痛苦他仍采取了行动——这是乐观者的一种典型反应。1.5 Section D用行为训练而非积极思考提升乐观D Suzanne Segerstrom, professor of psychology at the University of Kentucky, believes that the key to increasing optimism is through cultivating optimistic behaviour, rather than positive thinking. She recommends you train yourself to pay attention to good fortune by writing down three positive things that come about each day. This will help you convince yourself that favourable outcomes actually happen all the time, making it easier to begin taking action.翻译肯塔基大学心理学教授苏珊娜·塞格斯特伦认为提升乐观的关键在于培养乐观的行为而不是积极思考。她建议训练自己去留意好运每天写下三件发生的好事。这有助于你使自己相信有利的结果其实一直在发生从而更容易开始采取行动。1.6 Section E自由潜水者的热情与心理极限E You can recognise a person who is passionate about a pursuit by the way they are so strongly involved in it. Tanya Streeter’s passion is freediving ω the sport of plunging deep into the water without tanks or other breathing equipment. Beginning in 1998, she set nine world records and can hold her breath for six minutes. The physical stamina required for this sport is intense but thepsychological demands are even more overwhelming. Streeter learned to untangle her fears from her judgment of what her body and mind could do. ‘In my career as a competitive freediver, there was a limit to what I could do - but it wasn’t anywhere near what I thought it was,’ she says.翻译你可以通过一个人对某项追求投入之深辨认出他是否对此充满热情。坦娅·斯特里特的热情在于自由潜水——这项运动要求不带气瓶或其他呼吸设备深深潜入水中。从1998年开始她创下九项世界纪录并能屏息六分钟。这项运动所需的体能极为强悍但心理上的要求更加难以承受。斯特里特学会了把恐惧与自己对身心能力的判断区分开来。她说“在我作为竞技自由潜水员的职业生涯中我能做到的事是有极限的——但那远远不是我原先以为的极限。”1.7 Section F热情需要纪律也要容忍无知F Finding a pursuit that excites you can improve anyone’s life. The secret about consuming passions, though, according to psychologist Paul Silvia of the University of North Carolina, is that’ they require discipline, hard work and ability, which is why they are so rewarding/ Psychologist Todd Kashdan has this advice for those people taking up a new passion: ‘As a newcomer, you also have to tolerate and laugh at your own ignorance. You must be willing to accept the negative feelings that come your way’ he says.翻译找到一项令你兴奋的追求可以改善任何人的生活。不过北卡罗来纳大学心理学家保罗·西尔维亚说全情投入的热情有一个秘密它们需要自律、努力和能力正因如此才如此有回报。心理学家托德·卡什丹给开始培养新热情的人这样的建议“作为新手你还必须容忍并嘲笑自己的无知。你必须愿意接受随之而来的负面感受。”他说。1.8 Section G转向另类疗愈研究在失败中找乐趣G In 2004, physician-scientist Mauro Zappaterra began his PhD research at Harvard Medical School. Unfortunately, he was miserable as his research wasn’t compatible with his curiosity about healing. He finally took a break and during eight months in Santa Fe, Zappaterra learned about alternative healing techniques not taught at Harvard. When he got back, he switched labs to study how cerebrospinal fluid nourishes the developing nervous system. He also vowed to look for the joy in everything, including failure, as this could help him learn about his research and himself.翻译2004年医师兼科学家毛罗·扎帕特拉在哈佛医学院开始攻读博士研究。不幸的是他十分痛苦因为他的研究与他对疗愈的好奇并不相容。他最终暂停学业在圣菲的八个月里扎帕特拉学习了哈佛并不教授的另类疗愈技术。回来之后他换了实验室研究脑脊液如何为发育中的神经系统提供营养。他还立誓要在一切事物中——包括失败中——寻找乐趣因为这可能有助于他了解自己的研究也更了解自己。1.9 G 部分续过度求稳会妨碍达成目标One thing that can hold joy back is a person’s concentration on avoiding failure rather than their looking forward to doing something well. ‘Focusing on being safe might get in the way of your reaching your goals,’ explains Kashdan. For example, are you hoping to get through a business lunch without embarrassing yourself, or are you thinking about how fascinating the conversation might be?翻译妨碍快乐的一件事是一个人把注意力集中在避免失败上而不是期待把某件事做好。卡什丹解释说“专注于求稳可能会妨碍你达成目标。”例如你是希望自己安然度过一顿商务午餐、不至于让自己难堪还是在想这场对话可能多么有趣1.10 Section H勇气来自道德义务而非无所畏惧H Usually, we think of courage in physical terms but ordinary life demands something else. For marketing executive Kenneth Pedeleose, it meant speaking out against something he thought was ethically wrong. The new manager was intimidating staff so Pedeleose carefully recorded each instance of bullying and eventually took the evidence to a senior director, knowing his own job security would be threatened. Eventually the manager was the one to go. According to Cynthia Pury, a psychologist at Clemson University, Pedeleose’s story proves the point that courage is not motivated by fearlessness, but by moral obligation. Pury also believes that people can acquire courage. Many of her students said that faced with a risky situation, they first tried to calm themselves down, then looked for a way to mitigate the danger, just as Pedeleose did by documenting his allegations.翻译通常我们从身体层面来理解勇气但日常生活要求的是另一种勇气。对营销主管肯尼思·佩德莱奥斯而言勇气意味着公开反对他认为在伦理上错误的事情。新来的经理正在恐吓员工于是佩德莱奥斯仔细记录了每一次霸凌行为最终把证据交给了一位高级总监尽管他知道自己的工作保障会受到威胁。最后离开的是那位经理。克莱姆森大学心理学家辛西娅·普里认为佩德莱奥斯的经历证明了这一点勇气的动力并非无所畏惧而是道德义务。普里还认为人们可以习得勇气。她的许多学生说面对危险处境时他们首先设法让自己冷静下来然后寻找减轻危险的办法正如佩德莱奥斯通过记录自己的指控所做的那样。1.11 结语段长期的性格塑造与短期的内在冒险Over the long term, picking up a new character trait may help you move toward being the person you want to be. And in the short term, the effort itself could be surprisingly rewarding, a kind of internal adventure.翻译从长远来看获得一种新的性格特质或许能帮助你朝着自己想成为的人靠近。而在短期内这份努力本身就可能带来意想不到的回报成为一种内在的冒险。2 文章结构分析2.1 段意复盘每段承担什么任务这篇文章的内容总结如下A 部分先摆出旧观点性格无法发生有意义的改变人格的关键特质在幼年即已确定随后转向新的研究取向指出积极心理学家归纳的24种品质多为可习得的习惯性行为由此提出全文主张。A 部分第二段补充方法上的提醒不同品质的培养难度不同需要掌握多种技能甚至要愿意体验负面情绪。这一段把“可以学”推进到“怎样学”。B 部分以彼得森本人为例天性内向的他为适应讲台而练习外向最终使外向行为变得自然。作者用专家的自我报告支持人格特质可以改变。C 部分以法伊根鲍姆的遭遇展示乐观的行动面他在身体康复与抑郁之中仍创办互助小组作者把这种在痛苦中仍采取行动的做法称为乐观者的典型反应。D 部分给出提升乐观的具体训练塞格斯特伦主张培养乐观行为而非仅靠积极思考通过每天记录三件好事强化“好结果会不断出现”的判断从而更容易开始行动。E 部分以斯特里特说明热情的表现与代价自由潜水对体能要求极高、对心理的要求更高而她学会把恐惧与对自身能力的判断分开。F 部分指出热情并不只有兴奋西尔维亚强调热情需要自律、努力与能力卡什丹则提醒新手要容忍并嘲笑自己的无知。G 部分以扎帕特拉的经历说明兴趣不合时的转向他离开与兴趣不相容的研究方向学习另类疗愈转而研究脑脊液对神经系统的营养作用并立誓在包括失败在内的一切中寻找乐趣。G 部分第二段指出妨碍快乐的注意力错位只想着避免失败会妨碍目标达成卡什丹用商务午餐的例子对比“求稳过关”与“期待对话有趣”两种心态。H 部分把勇气从身体层面转到日常伦理佩德莱奥斯记录霸凌并上报普里据此指出勇气的动力来自道德义务而非无所畏惧并认为勇气可以习得。结语段收束全文长期看新特质有助于成为自己想成为的人短期看努力本身即带来回报是一种内在的冒险。这是作者的总结性主张不是对个人改变效果的保证。2.2 段落功能与整体推进段落核心任务主要支撑与下一段的衔接Section A提出全文主张旧观点与新研究对照24种品质多为习惯性行为由“可以学”转向“怎样学”A 部分续说明培养条件品质难度不同需多种技能须接纳负面情绪引出可改变的专家例证Section B提供专家自证彼得森由内向练习外向最终变得自然由学者案例转向普通人逆境案例Section C展示乐观的行动表现事故、康复与抑郁创办互助小组由行动表现转向可操作的训练Section D给出乐观训练方法培养乐观行为每天记录三件好事转入热情这一品质Section E说明热情的表现与心理要求九项世界纪录、屏息六分钟区分恐惧与判断讨论热情的代价与前提Section F指出热情的条件需自律、努力与能力新手须容忍无知转入快乐及注意力方向Section G以转向案例说明寻找乐趣研究不合兴趣八个月另类疗愈换实验室立誓由个人经历转到注意力机制G 部分续解释妨碍快乐的因素专注避免失败商务午餐的两种心态对比转向勇气这一品质Section H重新定义勇气举报霸凌普里道德义务而非无畏由具体品质回到整体结论结语段收束长期与短期收益长期接近理想自我短期努力本身有回报结束全文不再展开新论点文章整体结构如下文章以“性格能否改变”这一旧共识的松动开篇。A 部分先复述心理学界的传统判断——人格关键特质在幼年定型随后用积极心理学对24种品质的研究推翻这种绝对化理解许多被赞赏的品质其实是习惯性行为因而可以习得。A 部分第二段紧接着补充方法条件指出培养品质需要多种技能甚至必须愿意体验负面情绪使主张从“可改变”落到“如何改变”。正文主体按四种品质分层展开每一层都用具体人物承担论证。乐观由法伊根鲍姆的逆境行动和塞格斯特伦的每日记录训练说明前者展示行动表现后者给出可操作路径热情由斯特里特的自由潜水说明其强度与心理代价再由西尔维亚与卡什丹补充热情所需的自律、努力与对无知的容忍快乐由扎帕特拉的转向与“在失败中寻找乐趣”的誓言呈现并借卡什丹的对比指出只求安全会妨碍达成目标勇气则由佩德莱奥斯举报霸凌一事重新定义普里把勇气归因于道德义务而非无所畏惧并认为它可以习得。需要留意的是证据性质文章主要依靠专家观点、受访者自述与个人案例来支撑“品质可以培养”并未提供对照实验或普遍适用的疗效数据。结尾把视角拉到长期与短期——长期可能更接近理想中的自己短期则努力本身即有回报——这是作者的总结性主张而不是对所有人都能改变性格的保证。阅读时应把研究主张、个案例证与总结性判断区分开来。2.3 文章结构图把段内与段间关系连起来文章结构图3 重难点词汇总结3.1 精选词条按原文首次出现顺序temperament根据剑桥词典 temperament 这个单词出现在副标题意为气质、性情、性格影响情绪与行为方式的那部分性格文中义reshape their temperaments指人们可以重塑自己的性情是副标题对全文主张的概括与一时的mood不同temperament强调较稳定的性格基础。temperament 含义habitual根据剑桥词典 habitual 这个单词出现在第1段意为通常的、习惯性的反复发生的文中义habitual behaviour指优秀品质往往表现为习惯性的行为方式正因如此才可以被学习和训练。habitual 含义introverted根据剑桥词典 introverted 这个单词出现在第3段意为性格内向的内向的文中义Inherently introverted说明彼得森天性内向这是他需要练习外向行为的起点。introverted 含义reticence根据剑桥词典 reticence 这个单词出现在第3段意为沉默寡言不愿交谈文中义his reticence would prove disastrous in the lecture hall指他少言寡语的性格在讲台上会非常不利构成他改变的直接动因。reticence 含义spontaneous根据剑桥词典 spontaneous 这个单词出现在第3段意为自发的、非筹划安排的非勉强的文中义my extroverted behaviour is spontaneous表示刻意练习的外向行为已经变成自然的反应不再需要刻意为之。spontaneous 含义counselling根据剑桥词典 counselling 这个单词出现在第4段意为咨询、辅导倾听他人并对其问题提出建议的服务文中义beyond ordinary counselling指除了常规心理辅导之外学校没有提供其他相关服务。counselling 含义rehabilitation根据剑桥词典 rehabilitation 这个单词出现在第4段意为康复恢复正常生活文中义students who were undergoing physical rehabilitation指正在接受身体康复训练的学生不是对罪犯的改造义。rehabilitation 含义plunge根据剑桥词典 plunge 这个单词出现在第6段意为使骤然移动、骤然下降纵身跳入文中义the sport of plunging deep into the water指不带呼吸设备纵身潜入深水属身体动作义不是价格暴跌义。plunge 含义stamina根据剑桥词典 stamina 这个单词出现在第6段意为耐力、持久力完成艰难且耗时之事所需的体力或心力文中义The physical stamina required for this sport is intense指自由潜水对体能耐力要求极高随后与心理要求作比较。stamina 含义overwhelming根据剑桥词典 overwhelming 这个单词出现在第6段意为巨大的、极大的难以抵挡的文中义the psychological demands are even more overwhelming指心理层面的要求比体能要求更大构成对前一句的递进比较。overwhelming 含义